Is colonization the most significant factor that has influenced development outcomes in Africa?

Colonization

Is colonization the most significant factor that has influenced development outcomes in Africa?

You can carry out a general discussion or focus on a single case.

List of sources:
Ake, C., 1981. A political economy of Africa. London; New York: Longman (chapters 2 and 3).

Amin, S., 1972. Underdevelopment and dependence in Black Africa—origins and contemporary forms. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 10(4), pp.503-524.

Austin, G., 2010. African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies. International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement [En ligne], 1 | 2010, mis en ligne le 11 mars 2010, consulté le 23 janvier 2013. URL : http://poldev.revues.org/78 ; DOI : 10.4000/poldev.78.

Acemoglu, D., S., Johnson and J. &A., Robinson. 2001. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91: 1369–1401.

Is colonization the most significant factor that has influenced development outcomes in Africa?
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